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Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
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Adaptability of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:12

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The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic structure performing varied functions based on cellular requirements. The adaptability of the individual filaments in the cytoskeleton determines their ability to perform various functions within the cell. It can undergo rapid reorganization during processes like cell division or remain stable for several hours as in the interphase. The adaptability of these filaments depends on stringent regulatory mechanisms. The microfilament and microtubules of the...
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Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and II are acidic and basic keratin proteins. Type III is of mesodermal origin and comprises four proteins: vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Vimentin is commonly found in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle cells, GFAP in astrocytes, while peripherin is found in peripheral nervous system neurons (PNS). Type...
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Formation of Intermediate Filaments00:57

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Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal proteins with higher tensile strength and flexibility than microfilaments and microtubules. Unlike the other two cytoskeletal proteins, intermediate filament formation lacks the enzymatic activity to hydrolyze nucleotides like ATP and GTP to generate energy for polymerization. Therefore, the formation of intermediate filaments is multistep self-assembly. The involvement of any accessory proteins in intermediate filament formation has not yet been...
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Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

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Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
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Multiscale heterogeneity in filamentous microbes.

Boris Zacchetti1, Han A B Wösten2, Dennis Claessen3

  • 1Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Biotechnology Advances
|October 8, 2018
PubMed
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Microbial heterogeneity, observed across various scales in filamentous bacteria and fungi, offers population benefits. Understanding these differences can enhance their use as cell factories in biotechnology.

Keywords:
ActinomycetesBiotechnologyFungiHeterogeneityMulticellularity

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Clonal microbial populations exhibit heterogeneity in cell morphology and function, providing adaptive advantages.
  • Filamentous bacteria and fungi display multiscale heterogeneity within their mycelial networks, from individual hyphae to colony zones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare multiscale heterogeneity in filamentous bacteria and fungi.
  • To discuss the underlying mechanisms driving this heterogeneity.
  • To explore the potential of these mechanisms for improving microbial cell factories.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review comparing heterogeneity across different scales.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying cellular and network-level variations.
  • Discussion of biotechnological implications.

Main Results:

  • Heterogeneity is a conserved feature across filamentous bacteria and fungi, present at multiple organizational levels.
  • Mechanisms driving heterogeneity may involve genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to optimizing microbial applications.

Conclusions:

  • Multiscale heterogeneity is a fundamental characteristic of filamentous microbes.
  • Investigating the mechanisms of heterogeneity can unlock new biotechnological potential.
  • Targeting these mechanisms can improve the efficiency of microbial cell factories.