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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Diabetes and HIV.

Emile Camille Noubissi1, Jean-Claude Katte2, Eugene Sobngwi3,4

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Current Diabetes Reports
|October 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its treatment increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Careful medication choices and risk evaluation are crucial for managing HIV patients with diabetes.

Keywords:
Anti-retroviral treatmentComplicationsDiabetesHIV infection

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology of infectious diseases
  • Endocrinology and metabolic diseases
  • Pharmacology of antiretroviral therapy

Background:

  • The global burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and diabetes mellitus is increasing.
  • HIV-positive individuals exhibit a higher prevalence of diabetes, particularly with hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection.
  • Traditional diabetes risk factors alone do not explain current trends, highlighting novel contributors like infections and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the interaction between HIV infection and diabetes.
  • To examine the implications of this interaction for treatment strategies.
  • To address the growing burden of both conditions and their potential interaction mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on epidemiological data and pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on metabolic derangement.
  • Examination of the role of co-infections in the HIV-diabetes link.

Main Results:

  • HIV infection is linked to increased insulin resistance.
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes in HIV patients.
  • ART contributes to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and lipodystrophy.

Conclusions:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a major contributor to hyperglycemia in HIV-infected individuals.
  • The association between ART and diabetes risk necessitates careful medication selection.
  • Ongoing evaluation of diabetes risk in HIV patients undergoing treatment is essential.