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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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Related Experiment Video

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Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
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Tics and Tourette syndrome.

Daryl Efron1,2,3, Russell C Dale4,5

  • 1Health Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
|October 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tourette syndrome involves complex genetics and environmental factors influencing its expression. New understanding of tics includes sensory components, leading to evolving psychological and pharmacological treatments for this heterogeneous neurological disorder.

Keywords:
Tourette syndromeobsessive-compulsive disordertics

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex neurological disorder with a heterogeneous presentation.
  • Genetic and environmental factors (in utero and ex utero) significantly influence TS phenotype.
  • Aberrant immune activation and inflammation are implicated in the pathophysiology of some TS cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical features and pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome.
  • To discuss a pragmatic management approach for Tourette syndrome.
  • To highlight the evolving understanding of tics beyond motor symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical features and pathophysiology.
  • Discussion of current therapeutic strategies.
  • Analysis of management approaches based on impairment.

Main Results:

  • Tics in Tourette syndrome have both motor and sensory components.
  • Comorbidities such as ADHD, anxiety, and OCD are frequent and impactful.
  • Treatment strategies are tailored to the severity and type of impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Tourette syndrome management requires a comprehensive approach considering genetics, environment, and comorbidities.
  • Understanding the sensory aspect of tics opens new therapeutic avenues.
  • Education, acceptance, and targeted interventions are key to managing Tourette syndrome effectively.