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Related Concept Videos

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

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Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...
17.3K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

6.7K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

5.5K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
5.5K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.9K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.9K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.9K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
4.9K
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

10.3K
Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
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Spectral Evidence for Emergent Order in Ba_{1-x}Na_{x}Fe_{2}As_{2}.

M Yi1,2, A Frano1,3, D H Lu4

  • 1Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|October 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied iron-based superconductors Ba_{1-x}Na_{x}Fe_{2}As_{2} using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. They observed a unique electronic reconstruction linked to a double-Q magnetic order in the underdoped regime.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • The iron-based superconductor family Ba_{1-x}Na_{x}Fe_{2}As_{2} exhibits complex phase diagrams.
  • This system features coupled nematic and collinear antiferromagnetic orders, alongside a recently discovered double-Q magnetic order.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic response to different phases in Ba_{1-x}Na_{x}Fe_{2}As_{2} using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
  • To understand the interplay between magnetic order, nematicity, and electronic structure.

Main Methods:

  • Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) was employed.
  • Temperature-dependent measurements were conducted to study the electronic band structure evolution.

Main Results:

  • An orbital-dependent band shift, correlating with the nematic phase and lattice rotational symmetry, was identified.
  • A distinct electronic reconstruction was observed, not attributable to known electronic orders in the system.
  • The double-Q magnetic order in the reentrant C_{4} phase was studied.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a specific electronic signature of the nematic phase in these superconductors.
  • An unexplained electronic reconstruction suggests novel physics in the underdoped regime of Ba_{1-x}Na_{x}Fe_{2}As_{2}.
  • ARPES provides crucial insights into the complex interplay of orders in iron-based superconductors.