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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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Drug-Receptor Interactions01:29

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Drug-receptor interaction describes the binding of receptors by drugs, but not all drug-receptor interactions result in activation and tissue response. For instance, the binding of agonists activates the receptor to generate a cellular reaction, while antagonists bind to receptors without causing their activation.
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism01:30

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The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
The most common type is receptor antagonism, where one drug acts as an antagonist to block the effects of another drug by...
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Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects01:21

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Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
Despite these side effects, antipsychotics are used therapeutically for various purposes, including managing schizophrenia, preventing nausea and vomiting, curbing...
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Related Experiment Video

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Performing Data Mining And Integrative Analysis Of Biomarker in Breast Cancer Using Multiple Publicly Accessible Databases
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Mining Directional Drug Interaction Effects on Myopathy Using the FAERS Database.

Danai Chasioti, Xiaohui Yao, Pengyue Zhang

    IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
    |October 9, 2018
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    Summary

    This study identifies high-order drug-drug interactions (DDIs) linked to myopathy using electronic health records. It reveals new and confirms known DDI risks, visualized for clinical use.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacovigilance
    • Computational Pharmacology
    • Drug Safety

    Background:

    • Electronic health record databases offer vast potential for mining high-order drug-drug interactions (DDIs).
    • Few studies have explored relationships within high-order drug combinations and their adverse effects.
    • Myopathy is a significant adverse drug effect associated with various medications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the novel pharmacovigilance problem of mining directional DDIs causing myopathy.
    • To identify the risk of myopathy associated with adding new drugs to existing prescriptions.
    • To visualize identified directional DDI patterns using a user-friendly graphical representation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.
    • Employed the Apriori algorithm to extract frequent drug combinations.
    • Calculated odds ratios to estimate myopathy risk from directional DDIs.
    • Developed a tree-structured graph for visualizing DDI findings.

    Main Results:

    • Confirmed known myopathy associations with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., rosuvastatin, simvastatin).
    • Identified novel, mechanistically plausible DDIs for myopathy, including pamidronate and levofloxacin.
    • Reported other potential DDIs, such as with gadolinium-based agents and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim/potassium chloride combinations.

    Conclusions:

    • Demonstrated the feasibility of rapidly and accurately estimating high-order directional DDIs.
    • The findings provide a valuable, easily interpretable tool for specialists to assess DDI risks.
    • Highlights the importance of considering high-order DDIs in adverse drug effect monitoring.