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Related Concept Videos

Piecewise-Defined Functions01:28

Piecewise-Defined Functions

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Piecewise defined functions are mathematical models where different expressions define a function over distinct intervals of the domain. These functions are useful for representing systems with varying behaviors depending on input values.For example, the function:  uses a linear rule for inputs less than or equal to –1 and a quadratic rule for values greater than –1. Although it has two formulas, it still defines a single function.Another common type is the absolute value...
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Rules for Defining Functions01:29

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A relation is a function if each input x is associated with exactly one output y. For example, the equation      y = 2x + 5 defines a function because every value of x yields a unique y. However, x = y² + 1 is not a function of x, since a single x-value, such as x = 2, corresponds to two possible y-values: y = 1 and y = -1.The vertical line test helps determine whether a graph represents a function. If a vertical line intersects a curve more than once, the curve fails...
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The dissolution of intimate relationships presents complex emotional and psychological challenges, particularly when emotional bonds are strong, the relationship is long-standing, and perceived alternatives are limited. This distress often intensifies in romantic breakups, where the initiator may experience greater turmoil than the rejected partner. Contributing factors include residual attachment, guilt over causing pain, and uncertainty about how to manage the situation. The stress is further...
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5-Number Summary01:04

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In a dataset, the 5-number summary includes the minimum data value, the data value of the first quartile, the median data value or data value of the second quartile, the data value of the third quartile, and the maximum data value. These 5 data values can be visualized as a box and whisker plot.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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The Relationship Between Executive Function Deficits and DSM-5-Defined ADHD Symptoms.

Michael J Silverstein1,2, Stephen V Faraone3, Terry L Leon2

  • 1Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Journal of Attention Disorders
|October 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Adult ADHD symptoms are strongly linked to executive function deficits. The Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) can help identify individuals with both adult ADHD and executive dysfunction.

Keywords:
ADHDetiologyexecutive functionscale psychometrics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting executive functions.
  • Executive Function Deficits (EFDs) are common in adults with ADHD, affecting daily functioning.
  • The Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) is a tool used for assessing adult ADHD symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the association between core ADHD symptoms and EFDs.
  • To characterize ADHD in individuals with executive dysfunction.
  • To assess the predictive accuracy of the AISRS in identifying adult ADHD and EFDs.

Main Methods:

  • Pooled data from referred and primary care samples.
  • Statistical analyses included Spearman correlations and binary logistic regressions.
  • Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the AISRS.

Main Results:

  • ADHD inattentive (IA) and hyperactive-impulsive (H-I) symptoms showed moderate to strong correlations with EFDs.
  • Both IA and H-I symptoms were highly predictive of EFDs.
  • An AISRS 18-item score of 28 or higher was the most effective predictor of clinical EFDs.

Conclusions:

  • ADHD symptoms are significantly correlated with and predictive of EFDs in adults.
  • Clinicians should screen adults diagnosed with ADHD for co-occurring EFDs.
  • Monitoring EFD improvement alongside ADHD symptoms is recommended in treatment.