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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
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Transportation of samples from the collection point to the laboratory, as well as storage and preservation techniques, are crucial for maintaining sample integrity and ensuring accurate and reliable test results.
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In signal processing, the analysis of continuous-time signals, denoted as x(t), often involves sampling techniques to convert these signals into discrete-time signals. This process is essential for digital representation and manipulation. A critical component in sampling is the train of impulses, characterized by the sampling interval and the sampling frequency. The relationship between these parameters and the original signal's properties dictates the success of the sampling process.
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In signal processing, bandpass sampling is an effective technique for sampling signals that have most of their energy concentrated within a narrow frequency band. This type of signal is known as a bandpass signal. The key principle of bandpass sampling involves sampling the signal at a rate that is greater than twice the signal's bandwidth to prevent aliasing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Standardizing a Non-Lethal Method for Characterizing the Reproductive Status and Larval Development of Freshwater Mussels Bivalvia: Unionida
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Freshwater Viromes: From Sampling to Evaluation.

Catherine Putonti1,2,3,4, Zoë Diener5, Siobhan C Watkins6

  • 1Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|October 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers can now generate and analyze viral metagenomes (viromes) from freshwater samples. This study details a lab procedure for dsDNA bacteriophage virome generation and bioinformatic analysis.

Keywords:
BacteriophageFreshwater virusesMetagenomicsViral bioinformaticsViromes

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Virology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Viral metagenomics (viromics) enables the study of viral communities in various environments.
  • Freshwater ecosystems harbor diverse viral populations, including bacteriophages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a laboratory protocol for generating viral metagenomes from freshwater samples.
  • To focus on the specific isolation and analysis of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages.
  • To outline bioinformatic methods for analyzing virome data.

Main Methods:

  • Sample collection from freshwater environments.
  • DNA extraction and library preparation for viral metagenomics.
  • Sequencing of viral DNA.
  • Bioinformatic pipeline for data analysis.

Main Results:

  • A reproducible laboratory procedure for freshwater virome generation was established.
  • The protocol successfully targeted dsDNA bacteriophages.
  • Key bioinformatic steps for analyzing viromic data were discussed.

Conclusions:

  • The described method provides a valuable resource for researchers studying freshwater viromes.
  • This approach facilitates the characterization of dsDNA bacteriophage communities.
  • The study contributes to advancing the field of viral metagenomics in aquatic environments.