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Related Concept Videos

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
Psychodynamic theorists argue that unconscious...
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Simple Surgical Induction of Conductive Hearing Loss with Verification Using Otoscope Visualization and Behavioral Clap Startle Response in Rat
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CKD prevention: Perspectives in Hong Kong.

Sydney Cw Tang1

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)
|October 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Hong Kong faces a growing burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Collaborative efforts by healthcare bodies and foundations are crucial for CKD prevention and public awareness.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hong Kong shows a rising prevalence of treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD), managed by the Hospital Authority (HA).
  • Initiatives like SHARE and RISKS indicate a significant, yet uncharacterized, burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the asymptomatic population.
  • Multiple organizations, including statutory bodies and non-governmental organizations, are involved in CKD care and prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the current landscape of CKD and ESRD in Hong Kong.
  • To highlight the roles of various organizations in CKD prevention and management.
  • To emphasize the importance of public awareness and education initiatives for kidney health.

Main Methods:

  • Data from the Hong Kong Renal Registry (managed by HA) tracks ESRD prevalence.

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  • CKD burden assessed through screening initiatives (SHARE, RISKS) identifying abnormalities in asymptomatic individuals.
  • Analysis of collaborative efforts and educational programs by the Hospital Authority (HA), Hong Kong College of Physicians (HKCP), Hong Kong Society of Nephrology (HKSN), and Hong Kong Kidney Foundation (HKKF).

    • Main Results:

    • The Hospital Authority manages 90-95% of the ESRD burden in Hong Kong.
    • Screening initiatives revealed high prevalence of urine or blood pressure abnormalities, suggesting a substantial CKD burden.
    • Coordinated clinical practice guidelines and educational initiatives are in place for renal service provision, CKD care, and prevention.

    Conclusions:

    • A multi-stakeholder approach involving statutory bodies and NGOs is essential for addressing the rising CKD and ESRD burden in Hong Kong.
    • Continued collaboration on clinical guidelines, medical education, and public awareness campaigns is vital for effective CKD prevention and management.
    • Public education through events and media promotion plays a key role in increasing awareness of kidney health.