Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Scalar Product (Dot Product)

Scalar Product (Dot Product)

The scalar multiplication of two vectors is known as the scalar or dot product. As the name indicates, the scalar product of two vectors results in a number, that is, a scalar quantity. Scalar products are used to define work and energy relations. For example, the work that a force (a vector) performs on an object while causing its displacement (a vector) is defined as a scalar product of the force vector with the displacement vector.
The scalar product of two vectors is obtained by multiplying...

Vector Product (Cross Product)

Vector Product (Cross Product)

Vector multiplication of two vectors yields a vector product, with the magnitude equal to the product of the individual vectors multiplied by the sine of the angle between both the vectors and the direction perpendicular to both the individual vectors. As there are always two directions perpendicular to a given plane, one on each side, the direction of the vector product is governed by the right-hand thumb rule.
Consider the cross product of two vectors. Imagine rotating the first vector about...

Primary Production

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.

Production Efficiency

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).

The Dot Product

The Dot Product

Measuring how one directional quantity affects another along a specific path involves comparing their orientation and strength. When two such quantities are represented using direction and amount, a numerical result is computed to show how much one acts along the path of the other. This result comes from a rule combining both inputs' horizontal and vertical parts and adding the results.This calculation gives a single value that grows larger when both inputs point in similar directions and...

Dot Product

Dot Product

The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
The dot...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Gut microbiome control of HIV immunodeficiency.

Nature reviews. Microbiology·2026

Same author

Pollutants disrupt gut microbiota.

Nature reviews. Microbiology·2025

Same author

Immunizing against dementia?

Nature reviews. Microbiology·2025

Same author

Taking the jump to humans.

Nature reviews. Microbiology·2024

Same author

Responding to extreme climates.

Nature reviews. Microbiology·2024

Same author

Designer viral receptors.

Nature reviews. Microbiology·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Use of High-Throughput Automated Microbioreactor System for Production of Model IgG1 in CHO Cells

Use of High-Throughput Automated Microbioreactor System for Production of Model IgG1 in CHO Cells

Published on: September 28, 2018

A useful by-product

¹Nature Reviews Microbiology, . ashley.york@nature.com.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology

|October 11, 2018

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

More Related Videos

Optimization of In vitro Transcription Reaction for mRNA Production Using Chromatographic At-Line Monitoring

Optimization of In vitro Transcription Reaction for mRNA Production Using Chromatographic At-Line Monitoring

Published on: April 4, 2025

Lentivirus Production

Lentivirus Production

Published on: October 2, 2009

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Use of High-Throughput Automated Microbioreactor System for Production of Model IgG1 in CHO Cells

Use of High-Throughput Automated Microbioreactor System for Production of Model IgG1 in CHO Cells

Published on: September 28, 2018

Optimization of In vitro Transcription Reaction for mRNA Production Using Chromatographic At-Line Monitoring

Optimization of In vitro Transcription Reaction for mRNA Production Using Chromatographic At-Line Monitoring

Published on: April 4, 2025

Lentivirus Production

Lentivirus Production

Published on: October 2, 2009