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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
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Dimensional analysis is a valuable technique in fluid mechanics for simplifying complex problems by reducing them into dimensionless groups. These groups capture the essential relationships between the variables involved, allowing researchers and engineers to analyze fluid flow without dealing with each variable individually. This approach reduces the number of independent variables, allowing for easier analysis and better understanding of physical phenomena.
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Dimensional analysis is a powerful tool that is used in physics and engineering to understand and predict the behavior of physical systems. The basic idea behind dimensional analysis is to express physical quantities in terms of fundamental dimensions such as the mass, length, and time. Derived dimensions like the velocity, acceleration, and force are derived from the combinations of these fundamental dimensions.
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Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.
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A 3D System for Culturing Human Articular Chondrocytes in Synovial Fluid
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A three-dimensional model to study human synovial pathology.

Mathijs G A Broeren1, Claire E J Waterborg1, Renske Wiegertjes1

  • 1Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

ALTEX
|October 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a 3D synovial membrane model using human cells to mimic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) in vitro. This novel model offers a promising alternative for testing therapeutic agents for rheumatic diseases.

Keywords:
synoviumhyperplasiafibrosis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Current therapeutic agents for rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases are tested in animal models with limited predictive value.
  • A lack of effective in vitro alternatives hinders the development and testing of new treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel 3D in vitro synovial membrane model using human cells.
  • To investigate the model's utility in simulating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) pathologies.
  • To assess the model's potential as an alternative for drug testing in rheumatic diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a 3D synovial membrane micromass model using human primary synovial cells or a mix of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and CD14+ mononuclear cells.
  • Characterization of the micromass composition using immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry.
  • Induction of RA-like and OA-like pathologies by exposing micromasses to Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), respectively.

Main Results:

  • The developed micromasses formed a lining layer of fibroblast-like and macrophage-like cells, mimicking the in vivo synovial membrane.
  • TNF-α stimulation induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and hyperplasia, characteristic of RA.
  • TGF-β stimulation led to fibrosis-like changes, including increased Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin and fibrosis-related gene expression, mimicking OA.
  • Macrophages within the micromass exhibited phenotypic plasticity, with reduced M2-like macrophage markers upon prolonged stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D synovial lining micromass system effectively models key aspects of RA and OA synovial membrane pathology in vitro.
  • This model demonstrates phenotypic plasticity, particularly in macrophages, under inflammatory and fibrotic conditions.
  • The synovial lining micromass system presents a viable and potentially more predictive in vitro alternative for evaluating therapeutic agents for rheumatic diseases.