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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Preparation of Living Isolated Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells for Fluorescence Imaging
11:24

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Published on: June 22, 2011

Monoaminergic fluorescence in frog skin.

E Sjöberg

    Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
    |August 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary

    Sympathetic innervation in frog skin primarily targets skin glands, not the epidermis. The granular glands show high levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, suggesting a specific amine-driven function.

    Area of Science:

    • Zoology
    • Neuroscience
    • Histology

    Background:

    • Frog skin exhibits complex structures including glandular and non-glandular epithelia.
    • Sympathetic innervation plays a role in regulating physiological processes in amphibian skin.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the distribution of sympathetic (monoaminergic) innervation in frog skin.
    • To determine if sympathetic nerves directly innervate the epidermal non-glandular cells or the skin glands.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence technique for visualizing monoamines.
    • Examined frog skin tissue under fluorescence microscopy.
    • Performed fluorimetric analysis on glandular secretions.

    Main Results:

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    • No direct monoaminergic innervation was found in the non-glandular epidermal cells.
    • Specific fluorescence was concentrated around the skin glands, particularly the granular type.
    • Granular glands showed intense fluorescence indicative of high 5-hydroxytryptamine content in secretory granules.
    • Mucous gland secretions were not fluorescent, but fibers surrounded these glands.
    • Sparse fluorescence was noted near smooth muscle cells, and some indication of innervation in granule-depleted secretory epithelium.

    Conclusions:

    • Sympathetic nervous control of frog skin is primarily directed at the skin glands, not the non-glandular epidermis.
    • Granular glands are a significant site for 5-hydroxytryptamine storage and potentially release.
    • The study refutes direct sympathetic control over the epidermal non-glandular epithelium.