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Streptococcus suis contains multiple phase-variable methyltransferases that show a discrete lineage distribution.

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Streptococcus suis methyltransferases exhibit phase-variation, influencing gene regulation and population clades. A Type I methyltransferase was linked to the origin of a virulent zoonotic strain.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Streptococcus suis is a significant swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent, particularly in Southeast Asia.
  • Phase-variation in methyltransferases, known as phasevarions, leads to genome-wide methylation changes and differential gene regulation.
  • The study investigates Type I and Type III methyltransferases in S. suis, hypothesizing unique specificities and distinct phasevarion control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the target specificities of Type III methyltransferase allelic variants in S. suis.
  • To demonstrate phase-variation in both Type I and Type III methyltransferases.
  • To investigate the association between methyltransferase types, population clades, and zoonotic virulence.

Main Methods:

  • Single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) methylome analysis to determine target specificities.
  • Comparative analysis of S. suis populations to identify methyltransferase types and population clades.
  • Genomic analysis to trace the acquisition of specific methyltransferases.

Main Results:

  • The target specificities for each Type III allelic variant were identified.
  • Phase-variation was confirmed for both Type I and Type III methyltransferases in S. suis.
  • A clear association was observed between methyltransferase type and S. suis population clades.
  • The phase-variable Type I methyltransferase appears to have been acquired at the origin of a highly virulent zoonotic sub-population.

Conclusions:

  • S. suis possesses both Type I and Type III phase-variable methyltransferases that control distinct phasevarions.
  • Methyltransferase variation is linked to S. suis population structure and virulence.
  • The acquisition of a Type I methyltransferase may have contributed to the emergence of a zoonotic S. suis strain.