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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Second-Order Circuits01:17

Second-Order Circuits

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Integrating two fundamental energy storage elements in electrical circuits results in second-order circuits, encompassing RLC circuits and circuits with dual capacitors or inductors (RC and RL circuits). Second-order circuits are identified by second-order differential equations that link input and output signals.
Input signals typically originate from voltage or current sources, with the output often representing voltage across the capacitor and/or current through the inductor. For example, in...
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First-Order Circuits01:15

First-Order Circuits

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First-order electrical circuits, which comprise resistors and a single energy storage element - either a capacitor or an inductor, are fundamental to many electronic systems. These circuits are governed by a first-order differential equation that describes the relationship between input and output signals.
One common example of a first-order circuit is the RC (resistor-capacitor) circuit. These circuits are used in relaxation oscillators such as neon lamp oscillator circuits. When voltage is...
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The Y-to-Y Circuit01:19

The Y-to-Y Circuit

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In a balanced four-wire wye-to-wye system, the arrangement involves wye-connected sinusoidal voltage sources and loads, connected through a neutral wire that links the neutral nodes of the source and load. The load impedance is connected across each phase of the load. The wye-connected source can be connected to the wye-connected load in four-wire and three-wire arrangements. A three-phase system is considered balanced when the load on each phase is equal, leading to uniform current flow and...
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LC Circuits01:21

LC Circuits

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An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor, either in series or parallel. Consider a charged capacitor connected with an inductor in series. Before the switch is closed, all the energy of the circuit is stored in the electric field of the capacitor. When the switch is closed, the capacitor begins to discharge, producing a current in the circuit. The current, in turn, creates a magnetic field in the inductor. Because of the induced emf in the inductor, the current cannot change...
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Three-Phase Circuits01:22

Three-Phase Circuits

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AC power distribution systems have three categories: single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase systems. The single-phase circuit, common in residential settings, typically employs a two-wire system connecting a single AC source to various loads. These circuits support standard household appliances operating at 120 volts (V) and 240 V, such as lamps, televisions, and microwaves. The first generators, Niagara Falls hydro plant installed in 1895, were two-phase and designed by Nikola Tesla. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Author Spotlight: Quantifying Pain Experience – An Illustrative Approach Using the Pain Body Diagram
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Author Spotlight: Quantifying Pain Experience – An Illustrative Approach Using the Pain Body Diagram

Published on: July 7, 2023

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Brain Reward Circuit and Pain.

Moe Watanabe1, Minoru Narita2,3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|October 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Chronic pain is a negative experience, unlike acute pain. Researchers found the brain

Keywords:
DopamineMorphineNucleus accumbensVentral tegmental area

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Reward Circuitry

Background:

  • Pain signals potential injury, but chronic pain is a persistent negative sensation.
  • The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is key in motivated behaviors like reward and pleasure.
  • The role of co-released neurotransmitters in this system is still being uncovered.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the involvement of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in pain modulation.
  • To explore the role of small molecules in the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc.) in pain control.
  • To review the connection between pain and the brain's reward circuit.

Main Methods:

  • Optogenetics
  • Electrophysiology
  • In vivo microdialysis/mass spectrometry integrated system

Main Results:

  • The mesolimbic dopaminergic system contributes to pain modulation.
  • Small molecules released in the N.Acc. are involved in pain modulation.

Conclusions:

  • The mesolimbic dopaminergic system and N.Acc. small molecules play a role in modulating pain.
  • This research integrates multiple advanced techniques to study pain and reward pathways.