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Related Concept Videos

Gauss's Law01:07

Gauss's Law

9.6K
If a closed surface does not have any charge inside where an electric field line can terminate, then the electric field line entering the surface at one point must necessarily exit at some other point of the surface. Therefore, if a closed surface does not have any charges inside the enclosed volume, then the electric flux through the surface is zero. What happens to the electric flux if there are some charges inside the enclosed volume? Gauss's law gives a quantitative answer to this question.
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Passive Filters01:27

Passive Filters

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Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff...
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Gauss's Law: Problem-Solving01:10

Gauss's Law: Problem-Solving

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Gauss's law helps determine electric fields even though the law is not directly about electric fields but electric flux. In situations with certain symmetries (spherical, cylindrical, or planar) in the charge distribution, the electric field can be deduced based on the knowledge of the electric flux. In these systems, we can find a Gaussian surface S over which the electric field has a constant magnitude. Furthermore, suppose the electric field is parallel (or antiparallel) to the area vector...
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Gauss's Law in Dielectrics01:17

Gauss's Law in Dielectrics

5.2K
Consider a polar dielectric placed in an external field. In such a dielectric, opposite charges on adjacent dipoles neutralize each other, such that the net charge within the dielectric is zero. When a polar dielectric is inserted in between the capacitor plates, an electric field is generated due to the presence of net charges near the edge of the dielectric and the metal plates interface. Since the external electrical field merely aligns the dipoles, the dielectric as a whole is neutral. An...
5.2K
Active Filters01:25

Active Filters

1.3K
Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:
1.3K
Newton's Law of Motion01:20

Newton's Law of Motion

5.4K
When we observe objects around us, one question that comes to mind is why they move or stay still. The answer to this question can be explained using Newton's laws of motion. These laws describe the fundamental principles of motion and the effects of forces on objects.
The first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move at a constant speed and direction unless acted upon by an external...
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Related Experiment Video

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Optical Scatter Microscopy Based on Two-Dimensional Gabor Filters
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Parameterized level-set based pharmacokinetic fluorescence optical tomography using the regularized Gauss-Newton

Omprakash Gottam1, Naren Naik1,2, Sanjay Gambhir3

  • 1Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Department of Electrical Engineering, Kanpur, India.

Journal of Biomedical Optics
|October 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacokinetic tomography accurately detects tissue abnormalities by estimating pharmacokinetic rates. This method precisely localizes affected regions and estimates fluorophore concentrations in numerical phantoms.

Keywords:
early cancer detectionfluorescence optical tomographyfunctional imaginglevel-set based reconstructionsparameterized level setspharmacokinetic tomographyregularized Gauss–Newton filter

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Optical Tomography
  • Pharmacokinetics

Background:

  • Pharmacokinetic tomography (PKT) is a developing technique for identifying tissue abnormalities.
  • It relies on estimating pharmacokinetic rates that control fluorophore movement between blood and tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel shape-based reconstruction framework for PKT.
  • To accurately estimate pharmacokinetic rates and fluorophore concentrations from optical signal data.

Main Methods:

  • A compartment-model based formulation was used within a radial basis function parameterized level set framework.
  • An iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton filter in a trust-region framework solved the state and parameter estimation problem.

Main Results:

  • The method demonstrated good localization of affected regions in numerical phantoms simulating cancer.
  • Reasonable estimates of pharmacokinetic rates and concentration curves were achieved, even with noisy data.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PKT framework shows promise for detecting and characterizing tissue abnormalities.
  • This approach offers a viable method for estimating pharmacokinetic parameters in dynamic optical tomography.