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Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

919
Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
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Thoracic Aorta01:15

Thoracic Aorta

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The thoracic section of the aorta begins at the T5 vertebra and extends to the T12 level at the diaphragm, initially progressing through the mediastinum to the left of the spinal column. Throughout its course in the thoracic segment, the thoracic aorta emits various offshoots known collectively as visceral and parietal branches. The branches that predominantly supply blood to visceral organs are termed visceral branches and include bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, and mediastinal arteries,...
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Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

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The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...
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Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

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Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
Once a behavior is learned,...
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Reinforcements in Concrete01:25

Reinforcements in Concrete

469
Reinforced concrete is a composite material used extensively in construction, combining the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel. This synergy is essential as concrete, while excellent at resisting compression, is weak under tension. Steel bars, or rebars, are embedded in the concrete to handle these tensile forces. The choice of steel is strategic; it shares a similar coefficient of thermal expansion with concrete, which ensures uniformity in response to...
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The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery
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[Reinforcement Materials for Thoracic Surgery].

Hideyuki Maeda1, Masato Kanzaki

  • 1Department of Surgery I , Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

Kyobu Geka. the Japanese Journal of Thoracic Surgery
|October 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reinforcement materials are vital for thoracic surgery to control bleeding and air leaks. This review details recent advancements in artificial and biological materials used for these essential surgical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Innovation
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Thoracic Surgery Techniques

Background:

  • Hemostasis and air leakage control are critical in thoracic surgery.
  • Various artificial and biological materials are employed for reinforcement.
  • Understanding material properties and applications is essential for surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in reinforcement materials for thoracic surgery.
  • To highlight the characteristics and appropriate usage of these materials.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in thoracic surgical reinforcement materials.
  • Analysis of artificial and biological material properties.
  • Discussion of clinical applications and surgical techniques.

Main Results:

  • Identification of emerging trends in reinforcement material development.
  • Comparison of different material types (artificial vs. biological).
  • Emphasis on the importance of material selection for surgical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Recent advancements offer improved options for hemostasis and air leakage control.
  • Surgeons require updated knowledge on these materials for optimal patient care.
  • Continued research is needed to further refine thoracic surgical reinforcement strategies.