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Related Concept Videos

Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

4.5K
The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
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Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Unilateral Pyramidotomy of the Corticospinal Tract in Rats for Assessment of Neuroplasticity-inducing Therapies
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Unilateral Pyramidotomy of the Corticospinal Tract in Rats for Assessment of Neuroplasticity-inducing Therapies

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Corrigendum: Plasticity in One Hemisphere, Control From Two: Adaptation in Descending Motor Pathways After Unilateral

Tong-Chun Wen1, Sophia Lall1, Corey Pagnotta1

  • 1Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Neural Circuits
|October 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia. Findings suggest tDCS may offer a novel therapeutic approach for improving cognitive deficits in this population.

Keywords:
corticospinal tractdeficitsneonatal pyramidotomyplasticityratsrubrospinal tract

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Unilateral Pyramidotomy of the Corticospinal Tract in Rats for Assessment of Neuroplasticity-inducing Therapies
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Schizophrenia is associated with significant cognitive impairments.
  • Current treatments offer limited efficacy for cognitive deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients.
  • To explore tDCS as a potential therapeutic intervention for cognitive enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial design was employed.
  • Participants received active or sham tDCS over prefrontal cortex areas.
  • Cognitive assessments were conducted at baseline and post-intervention.

Main Results:

  • Active tDCS group showed significant improvements in working memory and executive functions compared to sham.
  • No significant adverse effects were reported.

Conclusions:

  • tDCS is a safe and feasible neuromodulation technique for improving cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
  • tDCS holds promise as an adjunctive therapy for schizophrenia.