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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

929
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
929
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

3.7K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
3.7K
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

886
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
886
Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

340
Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
340
Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

971
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
971
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

319
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
319

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Cutoff Value of Phase Angle by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at Admission as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure
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Cutoff Value of Phase Angle by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at Admission as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure

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Prognostic scales in advanced heart failure.

Wioletta Szczurek1, Bożena Szyguła-Jurkiewicz2, Łukasz Siedlecki2

  • 1Student's Scientific Society, 3 Department of Cardiology, SMDS in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.

Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska = Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
|October 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Accurate risk stratification is vital for advanced heart failure (HF) patients awaiting heart transplantation (HT). This review details prognostic scales to optimize treatment and transplant outcomes.

Keywords:
advanced heart failureprognostic scales

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Transplantation Medicine
  • Medical Statistics

Background:

  • Heart transplantation (HT) is the primary treatment for advanced heart failure (HF) refractory to medical therapy.
  • Organ scarcity necessitates precise risk stratification for patients on HT waiting lists.
  • Prognostic scales aid in evaluating patient outlook and guiding advanced treatment decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review prognostic scales used in advanced heart failure (HF) management.
  • To focus on established tools like the Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS) and Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM).
  • To introduce novel scales assessing waiting list mortality and post-transplant results.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of prognostic scales in advanced heart failure.
  • Analysis of commonly used tools (HFSS, SHFM).
  • Exploration of emerging scales for pre- and post-transplant risk assessment.

Main Results:

  • Established scales (HFSS, SHFM) provide valuable prognostic information for advanced HF.
  • Newer scales are being developed to refine predictions for waiting list and post-transplant phases.
  • Accurate risk stratification is key to optimizing HT candidate selection and outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Prognostic scales are essential for managing advanced HF patients and guiding heart transplantation decisions.
  • Continued development of risk stratification tools is crucial for improving HT waiting list and post-transplant outcomes.
  • Effective use of prognostic scales can enhance resource allocation and patient survival in HT programs.