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Related Concept Videos

Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

11.9K
Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining,...
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Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

6.4K
6.4K
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

3.4K
Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
3.4K
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

2.6K
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
2.6K
The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

98.2K
The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

12.9K
The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers
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Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers

Published on: April 26, 2018

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Cardiac Amyloid - An Update.

Jason N Dungu1

  • 1Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Basildon University Hospital, Basildon, United Kingdom.

European Cardiology
|October 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac amyloidosis, a cause of heart failure, is increasingly recognized, especially in African descent populations. Early diagnosis and novel treatments are crucial for improving outcomes in this progressive condition.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cardiac amyloidosis causes progressive heart failure with poor prognosis.
  • Key subtypes include immunoglobulin light chain (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis.
  • ATTR amyloidosis, particularly hereditary V122I, is prevalent in individuals of African descent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in diagnosing and treating cardiac amyloidosis.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and implications of misdiagnosis.
  • To discuss emerging therapeutic strategies for cardiac amyloidosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in cardiac imaging, including MRI and nuclear imaging.
  • Discussion of the diagnostic role of cardiac biopsy.
Keywords:
Cardiac amyloidosiscardiac MRIcardiomyopathydiastolic dysfunctionechocardiographyheart failurenuclear imagingprognosis

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Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers
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  • Analysis of genetic studies focusing on hereditary ATTR amyloidosis V122I.

    • Main Results:

    • Cardiac MRI and nuclear imaging offer non-invasive methods to detect amyloid deposits.
    • Cardiac biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis and subtyping.
    • A significant number of Afro-Caribbean heart failure patients may have undiagnosed cardiac amyloidosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Improved diagnostic accuracy through advanced imaging is vital.
    • Undiagnosed cardiac amyloidosis can lead to harmful treatment decisions.
    • Novel therapies targeting pathophysiological mechanisms offer new hope for patients.