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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Fixation of Ultrasound Transducers for Spinal Cord Neuromodulation in Mice
Published on: August 1, 2025
[Sacral neuromodulation for refractory overactive bladder]
1Abteilung für Neuro-Urologie, Marien Hospital Herne, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Deutschland. arndt.vanophoven@marienhospital-herne.de.
Abstract:
Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a minimally invasive, established treatment modality for overactive bladder (OAB) as well as for other pelvic functional disorders, such as non-obstructive urinary retention and fecal incontinence. A pacemaker implanted in the upper buttocks delivers mild electrical pulses to the sacral nerves thereby modulating pathological afferent signals from pelvic end organs. The current article conveys the current knowledge on the indications, contraindications, mechanism of action, implantation technique, efficacy and complications of SNM for the treatment refractory OAB.
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