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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Joints01:26

Joints

35.7K
Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Related Experiment Video

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Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR
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Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

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Joint X-ray/NMR structure refinement of multidomain/multisubunit systems.

Azzurra Carlon1, Enrico Ravera1,2, Giacomo Parigi1,2

  • 1Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.

Journal of Biomolecular NMR
|October 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Integrating Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction data improves biomolecular structure determination. REFMAC-NMR software now enhances this integration for complex systems, reducing experimental data needs.

Keywords:
Integrated structural biologyREFMACResidual dipolar couplingsStructure refinement

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Data integration is key for characterizing biomolecular systems by combining complementary techniques.
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) provides local details, while X-ray diffraction offers insights into overall shape.
  • Obtaining exhaustive NMR datasets is time-consuming compared to X-ray diffraction data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance data integration in structural biology using REFMAC-NMR.
  • To reduce the amount of experimental data needed for comprehensive structural characterization.
  • To improve the handling of residual dipolar couplings (RDC) and incorporate pseudo-contact shifts.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented new features in REFMAC-NMR for improved handling of RDC data.
  • Integrated X-ray diffraction data with NMR data, including residual dipolar couplings and pseudo-contact shifts.
  • Utilized a-priori knowledge to reduce experimental data requirements.

Main Results:

  • Developed enhanced REFMAC-NMR features for multidomain proteins and multisubunit complexes.
  • Demonstrated successful reconciliation of NMR and X-ray data into unique structural models.
  • Showcased the utility of pseudo-contact shifts as an additional NMR-based information source.

Conclusions:

  • The enhanced REFMAC-NMR software facilitates more accurate and efficient structural model refinement.
  • Combining NMR and X-ray data, aided by a-priori knowledge, provides a more complete biomolecular picture.
  • The new features assist in identifying discrepancies between crystal and solution structural data.