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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.7K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.7K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.2K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.1K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.1K
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

18.4K
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
18.4K
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens
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Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

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TLR4 Polymorphisms and Expression in Solid Cancers.

Nilesh Pandey1, Alex Chauhan1, Neeraj Jain2

  • 1P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Anand, 388421, India.

Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy
|October 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) variations and expression influence cancer development and progression. Understanding TLR4

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity.
  • TLR4 recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns, initiating immune responses.
  • Chronic inflammation from TLR4 signaling can contribute to malignant transformation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of TLR4 polymorphisms and expression in various cancer types.
  • To focus on the influence of TLR4 in solid tumors.
  • To explore TLR4 as a potential biomarker in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on TLR4, its polymorphisms, expression, and cancer.
  • Analysis of existing reports linking TLR4 to immune response and carcinogenesis.
  • Synthesis of data focusing on solid tumors.

Main Results:

  • TLR4 genetic variations impact immune response and cancer susceptibility.
  • TLR4 expression levels correlate with tumor proliferation, metastasis, and prognosis.
  • TLR4 signaling is implicated in chronic inflammation-driven tumorigenesis.

Conclusions:

  • TLR4 polymorphisms and expression are significant factors in cancer.
  • TLR4 may serve as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in oncology.
  • Further research into TLR4's role is crucial for cancer treatment strategies.