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Updated: Feb 4, 2026
07:01
A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)
Published on: February 7, 2025
909
Long-term Mortality in Pediatric Firearm Assault Survivors: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Comparative Cohort Study
Ashkon Shaahinfar1,2, Irene H Yen3, Harrison J Alter4
1Division of Emergency Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA.
Summary
Children surviving firearm assault (FA) or nonfirearm assault (NFA) face higher long-term mortality risks than those surviving unintentional trauma (UT). Assault, regardless of firearm use, is a significant risk factor for long-term death in pediatric trauma survivors.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Trauma Research
- Public Health
- Epidemiology of Violence
Background:
- Pediatric assault survivors face unique long-term health challenges.
- Understanding mortality risks after pediatric trauma is crucial for intervention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare long-term mortality in children surviving firearm assault (FA), nonfirearm assault (NFA), and unintentional trauma (UT).
- To identify factors associated with long-term mortality in pediatric trauma survivors.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients (0-16 years) across three California trauma centers (2000-2009).
- Utilized Social Security Death Master File and state vital statistics for mortality follow-up through 2014.
- Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyzed assault exposure and long-term mortality.
Main Results:
- 75 deaths occurred among 413 FA, 405 NFA, and 7,062 UT survivors.
- Homicide accounted for two-thirds of long-term deaths.
- Assault (with or without firearm) was an independent risk factor for long-term mortality (AHR=1.9), particularly in adolescents.
Conclusions:
- Pediatric assault survivors, including those of firearm assault, exhibit increased long-term mortality compared to unintentional trauma survivors.
- Adolescent age, male sex, Black race/ethnicity, and public insurance are independent risk factors for long-term mortality.
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