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Related Concept Videos

Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Nuclear Power02:36

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Actin Treadmilling01:18

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Actin filaments undergo polymerization and depolymerization from either end. The polymerization and depolymerization rates depend on the cytosolic concentration of free G-actins. The polymerization rate is generally higher at the plus or barbed end, while the depolymerization rate is higher at the minus or pointed end. At a steady state, critical concentration describes the concentration of free G-actin monomers at which the polymerization rate at the plus end is equal to that of the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Study of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Live Endothelial Cells Expressing GFP-Actin
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Study of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Live Endothelial Cells Expressing GFP-Actin

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Nuclear Actin: From Discovery to Function.

Daniel J Kelpsch1, Tina L Tootle1

  • 1Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
|October 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear actin, once overlooked, is now recognized for its crucial roles in gene regulation, DNA repair, and cell division. Research highlights its involvement in various cellular processes and diseases.

Keywords:
chromatin organization and movementnuclear actinnuclear structurenuclear transporttranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Actin was discovered in the nucleus over 50 years ago, but research was limited by skepticism.
  • Research revived upon discovering that cellular stresses induce nuclear actin localization and structural changes, suggesting nuclear functions.
  • Nuclear import and export of actin are now known to be highly regulated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the early discovery of actin in the nucleus.
  • To discuss the various forms and functions of nuclear actin.
  • To examine the role of nuclear actin in normal cellular processes and in human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on nuclear actin.
  • Analysis of studies investigating actin's structural forms (monomers, polymers, rods) and distinct pools within the nucleus.
  • Examination of mechanistic studies detailing actin's regulatory roles.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear actin regulates RNA polymerases and transcription factors.
  • Actin modulates chromatin remodeling complexes and histone deacetylases, impacting transcription and DNA repair.
  • Nuclear actin mediates chromatin organization, plays roles in meiosis and mitosis, and influences nuclear envelope integrity.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear actin has diverse functions, including gene regulation, DNA repair, and cell division.
  • Nuclear actin's roles are conserved across species and are implicated in human diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.
  • Further research into nuclear actin's structure and function is warranted given its significance.