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Related Concept Videos

Corrosion02:49

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The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...
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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
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Random and Systematic Errors01:20

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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Metal Corrosion and the Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitors in Less Conductive Media
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Fluoride induced corrosion affecting Titanium brackets: A systematic review.

Afaf Houb-Dine1, Loubna Bahije1, Fatima Zaoui1

  • 1Université Mohamed V, équipe de recherche en biomatériaux et biomarqueurs salivaires affiliée au centre de recherche en sciences des médicaments, service d'orthopédie dento-faciale, faculté de médecine dentaire de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.

International Orthodontics
|October 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Fluoride ions can decrease the corrosion resistance of titanium orthodontic brackets, especially at high concentrations, long exposure times, and acidic pH. This systematic review highlights the need for further research on fluoride

Keywords:
CorrosionFluorideMetal bracketsTitanium brackets

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dental Materials
  • Corrosion Science

Background:

  • Titanium (Ti) orthodontic brackets are widely used due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties.
  • Existing literature on titanium behavior in oral environments shows some divergent results.
  • A systematic review is needed to address inconsistencies and guide experimental methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and critically analyze the impact of fluoride on the corrosion of titanium orthodontic brackets.
  • To synthesize findings from existing literature regarding fluoride's role in titanium corrosion.
  • To identify gaps in current research and inform future experimental designs.

Main Methods:

  • An exhaustive literature search was performed across PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library.
  • Keywords included "corrosion," "titanium brackets," and "fluoride."
  • Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria.

Main Results:

  • Only 5 out of 459 identified references met the inclusion criteria for this review.
  • Limited studies specifically investigate fluoride's impact on titanium orthodontic brackets.
  • Findings suggest a decrease in corrosion resistance of titanium attachments under specific conditions.

Conclusions:

  • High fluoride concentrations, prolonged exposure, and acidic pH negatively affect the corrosion resistance of titanium orthodontic brackets.
  • Further research is warranted to fully understand the complex interactions between fluoride and titanium in orthodontic applications.
  • The review underscores the importance of considering fluoride's corrosive potential in clinical settings.