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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Formulas02:52

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A chemical formula presents information about the proportions of atoms constituting a particular chemical compound or molecule, mainly using symbols of elements and numbers. At times other symbols, such as dashes, parentheses, brackets, commas, plus, and minus signs, are also used. A chemical formula can be one of three types – molecular, empirical, and structural.
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Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the left side of the equation. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on the right side of the equation. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (→) separates the reactant and product (left and right)...
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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
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Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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Methods to Study Changes in Inherent Protein Aggregation with Age in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Probing aggrephagy using chemically-induced protein aggregates.

Anne F J Janssen1, Eugene A Katrukha1, Wendy van Straaten1

  • 1Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

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|October 14, 2018
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Summary

Researchers developed a new assay to study aggrephagy, the process of clearing protein aggregates. This tool helps visualize and understand how cells remove damaged components, aiding research into cellular homeostasis and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autophagy Research

Background:

  • Selective autophagy pathways are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis by clearing specific components.
  • Existing tools for inducing and monitoring selective autophagy, particularly aggrephagy, are limited.
  • Aggrephagy is the autophagic clearance of protein aggregates, a process vital for cellular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the Particles Induced by Multimerization (PIM) assay for studying aggrephagy.
  • To provide a novel tool for the inducible formation and monitoring of protein aggregates.
  • To investigate the mechanisms and dependencies of aggregate clearance via the autophagy-lysosomal system.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the PIM assay utilizing an inducible multimerization module to assemble protein clusters.
  • Employing a dual fluorescent tag for direct observation of aggregate (cluster) delivery to lysosomes.
  • Utilizing flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy to analyze aggregate clearance dynamics.

Main Results:

  • The PIM assay successfully induces the formation of protein clusters that recruit key autophagy markers (ubiquitin, p62, LC3).
  • Dual fluorescent tagging enabled direct visualization of protein cluster transport to lysosomes.
  • Aggregate delivery to lysosomes was found to be partially dependent on p62 and ATG7.

Conclusions:

  • The PIM assay is a valuable new tool for studying aggrephagy and aggregate clearance.
  • This assay facilitates the elucidation of spatiotemporal dynamics in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway.
  • Findings highlight the roles of p62 and ATG7 in the lysosomal delivery of protein aggregates.