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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
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Polymerase-1 pathway activation in acute multiple sclerosis relapse.

Anat Achiron1, Rina Zilkha-Falb1, Anna Feldman1

  • 1Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|October 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Increased RNA polymerase 1 (POL1) pathway activity is evident during acute multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses. Targeting this pathway may offer a new therapeutic strategy for managing MS relapses.

Keywords:
Acute relapseGene expressionMultiple sclerosisPolymerase-1

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Increased RNA polymerase 1 (POL1) pathway expression correlates with multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms driving acute MS relapse remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression of the POL1 pathway during acute MS relapses.
  • To identify key POL1-associated biomarkers indicative of MS relapse activity.

Main Methods:

  • Gene expression microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR were employed.
  • Analysis included patients experiencing their first acute optic neuritis attack, and relapsing-remitting MS patients during clinical or radiological relapse.
  • Biomarker expression was compared between relapse and remission states.

Main Results:

  • POL1 pathway activation was observed during the first acute optic neuritis attack in MS patients.
  • Biomarkers such as RRN3, POL1D, and LRPPRC were significantly overexpressed during acute clinical relapses compared to remission.
  • Radiological relapses also showed significant activation of POL1-related biomarkers and overexpression of ribosomal protein genes.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates heightened POL1 pathway activity during acute MS relapses.
  • Targeting the POL1 pathway presents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for improving acute MS relapse treatment.