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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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Inorganic Nanoparticles for X-Ray Computed Tomography Imaging.

Mohamed F Attia1, Justine Wallyn2, Nicolas Anton2

  • 1Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199Illkirch Cedex, France; National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.

Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems
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Inorganic nanoparticles, especially gold-based ones, are crucial for preclinical imaging due to their high X-ray contrast and adaptable surfaces. This review details their properties, applications, and advancements in targeting for improved diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology and Materials Science
  • Medical Imaging and Diagnostics
  • Radiology and Tomodensitometry

Background:

  • Nanoparticle contrast agents are vital for preclinical imaging and diagnosis.
  • Their size prevents glomerular filtration, and heavy metal composition provides high X-ray attenuation for tomodensitometry.
  • Inorganic nanoparticles offer versatile surface chemistry for biomolecule conjugation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a state-of-the-art overview of inorganic nanoparticles as X-ray contrast agents.
  • To discuss materials, properties, applications, and surface modifications of these agents.
  • To highlight advancements in nanoparticle targeting for enhanced imaging and diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on inorganic nanoparticle synthesis and characterization for X-ray contrast.
  • Analysis of heavy metals and materials used, focusing on X-ray attenuation properties.
  • Examination of in vitro and in vivo behaviors, including surface modifications and targeting strategies.

Main Results:

  • A wide range of inorganic nanoparticles are synthesized for X-ray contrast applications.
  • Gold-based nanoparticles are a predominant material due to their favorable properties.
  • Surface modifications and targeting technologies are advancing imaging techniques and diagnostics.

Conclusions:

  • Inorganic nanoparticles, particularly gold, are highly effective X-ray contrast agents for preclinical use.
  • Their tunable properties and surface chemistry enable diverse applications.
  • Ongoing research in nanoparticle targeting promises significant improvements in medical imaging and diagnostic capabilities.