Radiological iodinated contrast-induced nephropathy.

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Radiology
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Iodinated contrast media are frequently used in medical imaging.
• Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a potential adverse effect.
• The exact cause of CIN is debated, as other factors often contribute to renal failure.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize the current understanding of contrast media-induced renal toxicity.
• To highlight risk factors and incidence rates of CIN.
• To provide recommendations for minimizing CIN risk.

Main Methods:

• Literature review on iodinated contrast media and renal toxicity.
• Analysis of incidence rates of CIN in different patient populations.
• Summary of current clinical recommendations for CIN prevention.

Main Results:

• Low-osmolar and iso-osmolar contrast media have a low CIN incidence (<1%) in low-risk patients.
• CIN incidence can be as high as 37% in high-risk patients (intra-arterial administration, eGFR <30mL/min/1.73m²).
• Other causes of renal failure often coexist with contrast media administration.

Conclusions:

• Contrast media can cause renal toxicity, but attribution is complex.
• Risk stratification and patient selection are crucial for CIN prevention.
• Minimizing contrast volume and ensuring adequate hydration with 0.9% saline are key recommendations.