Genetic diversities and population structures of four popular Myanmar local cattle breeds

Local cattle breeds are popular in Myanmar because they make excellent draught animals, so it is of fundamental importance that their genetic diversities and population structures are elucidated for breeding and conservation purposes. In this study, we characterized the genetic diversities and population structures of four popular Myanmar local cattle breeds and five native cattle populations from neighboring countries (Bangladesh, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam) using the GGP Bovine 50K array. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity estimates using pruned datasets ranged from 0.317 and 0.322, respectively, in Cambodia to 0.448 and 0.421, respectively, in Vietnam South. The four Myanmar local breeds exhibited similar levels of genetic diversity. However, AMOVA revealed significant genetic differentiation among the nine populations (p < 0.00001), and Neighbor-Net analysis showed that Shan Ngwar Pu was distinct from the other Myanmar local breeds. Furthermore, PCA and population structure analyses revealed that the native cattle from neighboring countries genetically influenced the Myanmar local breeds to some extent and that the genetic origins could also be observed in the local breeds. These findings highlight the importance of Myanmar local breeds as genetic resources and provide useful information for the future development of breeding strategies and conservation management plans.