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Related Concept Videos

Construction of Root Locus01:15

Construction of Root Locus

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The construction of a root locus involves several key steps to analyze and visualize the behavior of a system's poles with varying gain. The number of branches in the root locus equals the number of closed-loop poles and is symmetrical about the real axis.
For positive gain values, the root locus exists on the real axis to the left of an odd number of finite open-loop poles or zeros. The root locus starts at the open-loop poles and traces the paths of the closed-loop poles as the gain...
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Construction of Frequency Distribution01:15

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A frequency distribution table can be constructed using the steps given below.
First, make a table with two columns—one with the title of the data that needs to be organized, and the other column for frequency. [Draw a third column for tally marks if needed]. Then, take a look at the items given in the data set and decide if an ungrouped frequency distribution table or a grouped frequency distribution table would be more suitable. If there are large sets of different values, then it is...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Bode Plots Construction

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The Bode plot is an essential tool in control system analysis, mapping the frequency response of a system through a magnitude plot and a phase plot, both against a logarithmic frequency axis. To construct a Bode plot, consider the transfer function H(ω):
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Pancreatic Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix Bioink for Printing 3D Cell-Laden Pancreatic Tissue Constructs
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Gold Nanocomposite Bioink for Printing 3D Cardiac Constructs.

Kai Zhu1, Su Ryon Shin1, Tim van Kempen1

  • 1Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Advanced Functional Materials
|October 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel gold nanorod (GNR)-infused bioink for 3D bioprinting cardiac tissue. This enhanced bioink improves cell conductivity and promotes synchronized contractions for better tissue regeneration and drug screening.

Keywords:
AlginateBioprintingCardiac tissue engineeringGelatinGold nanorods

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a convenient method for fabricating biomimetic cardiac tissue constructs for regenerative medicine and drug screening.
  • Current bioinks, typically polymer-based, exhibit poor electrical conductivity, hindering efficient electrical coupling between cardiac cells.
  • This limitation impedes the development of functional cardiac tissue models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel gold nanorod (GNR)-incorporated gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based bioink for 3D bioprinting functional cardiac tissue.
  • To enhance the electrical properties and cellular integration of bioprinted cardiac constructs.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a GelMA-based bioink incorporating varying concentrations of GNRs.
  • Optimization of GNR concentration to balance viscosity, cell viability, and electrical properties.
  • 3D bioprinting of cell-laden constructs using the developed nanocomposite bioink.
  • Assessment of cell adhesion, organization, electrical coupling, and contractile function.

Main Results:

  • The GNR-incorporated bioink maintained low viscosity, enabling high-density cell encapsulation and high-resolution printing with reduced shear stress.
  • Cardiac cells within GNR constructs exhibited improved adhesion and organization compared to controls.
  • GNRs facilitated electrical coupling across polymer pore walls, leading to synchronized contraction of the bioprinted constructs.

Conclusions:

  • The gold nanocomposite bioink significantly enhances the functionality of 3D bioprinted cardiac tissue by improving electrical conductivity and cell-cell coupling.
  • This GNR-enhanced bioink shows great promise for advancing cardiac tissue engineering applications, including regenerative therapies and drug discovery platforms.