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Related Concept Videos

Parallel Resonance01:23

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The parallel RLC circuit is an arrangement where the resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C) are all connected to the same nodes and, as a result, share the same voltage across them. The parallel RLC circuit is analyzed in terms of admittance (Y), which reflects the ease with which current can flow. The admittance is given by:
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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression for L5-S1 Lumbar Lateral Disc Herniation
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Revisiting Radiographic L5-S1 Parallelism Using MRI T1 Mapping.

Julien Galley1, Federico Balagué1

  • 1HFR Fribourg, CH.

Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology
|October 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The parallel morphology of the L5-S1 disc indicates lower water content, suggesting an early stage of disc degeneration. This finding validates the "parallel sign" using MR T1 mapping in young adults.

Keywords:
Intervertebral discMagnetic resonance imagingMusculoskeletalSpineT1 mapping

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Orthopedics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • The "parallel sign" on spinal radiographs, observed in the L5-S1 disc, was previously hypothesized as an early indicator of disc degeneration.
  • Conventional radiography has limitations in assessing early degenerative changes within the disc's internal structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the "parallel sign" as a marker for early disc degeneration.
  • To investigate the association between L5-S1 disc morphology and water content using Magnetic Resonance (MR) T1 mapping.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-four asymptomatic young volunteers underwent dual lumbar spine MR scans (morning and afternoon).
  • T1 relaxation times of the nucleus pulposus were calculated using inversion-recovery sequences.
  • Volunteers were stratified based on L5-S1 disc morphology (parallel vs. non-parallel), and correlations with endplate angles, sacral slopes, and T1 values were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • A parallel L5-S1 disc morphology was associated with smaller endplate angles (<10°) and lower sacral slopes.
  • Significant differences in T1 relaxation times were observed between parallel and non-parallel L5-S1 discs.
  • The parallel group exhibited lower T1 values, indicating reduced water content in the nucleus pulposus.

Conclusions:

  • The "parallel sign" in the L5-S1 disc is associated with reduced water content.
  • MR T1 mapping provides quantitative evidence supporting the "parallel sign" as a potential early marker of disc degeneration.