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Related Concept Videos

The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
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The Wave Nature of Light02:12

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The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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Wave Parameters01:10

Wave Parameters

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The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be modeled using a combination of sine and cosine functions. Consider a simplified surface water wave that moves across the water's surface. Unlike complex ocean waves, in surface water waves, water moves vertically, oscillating up and down, whereas the disturbance of the wave moves horizontally through the medium. If a seagull is floating on the...
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Reflection of Waves01:07

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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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Half wave rectifier01:20

Half wave rectifier

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A half-wave rectifier is a fundamental circuit in electronics, designed to convert alternating current (AC) voltage into a unidirectional voltage. It utilizes the simplest form of diode rectification, where the circuit comprises a single diode in series with a load resistor and an AC power source.
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T-wave Ion Mobility-mass Spectrometry: Basic Experimental Procedures for Protein Complex Analysis
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RalB directly triggers invasion downstream Ras by mobilizing the Wave complex.

Giulia Zago1,2, Irina Veith1,2, Manish Kumar Singh1,2

  • 1Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.

Elife
|October 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified a novel pathway involving RalB that drives cancer invasion and metastasis. This discovery highlights the Ras-RGL1/2-RalB-exocyst-Wave Regulatory Complex axis as a potential target for new cancer therapies.

Keywords:
ExocystInvasionRalWavebreast cancercell biologyhumanoptogenetics

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Ral GTPases (RalA and RalB) are critical downstream effectors of Ras oncoproteins in human cancers.
  • RalB specifically contributes to cancer invasion and metastasis, yet targeted therapies are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the signaling pathways through which Ras promotes cancer invasion and metastasis.
  • To identify novel therapeutic targets for Ral-mediated cancer progression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel optogenetic approach for light-controlled activation of Ral at the plasma membrane.
  • Investigated the recruitment of the Wave Regulatory Complex (WRC) via the exocyst effector.
  • Analyzed RalB protein expression in human breast cancer tissues.

Main Results:

  • Light-induced Ral activation promotes WRC recruitment, leading to cellular protrusions and invasion.
  • Active Ras signals to RalB through RalGEFs (RGL1 and RGL2) to enhance invasiveness.
  • RalB's role in invasiveness is more significant than MAPK and PI3K pathways.
  • Increased RalB protein expression correlates with metastatic progression in breast cancer.

Conclusions:

  • The Ras-RGL1/2-RalB-exocyst-WRC signaling axis is a key driver of cancer invasion and metastasis.
  • RalB represents a promising therapeutic target for developing novel anticancer strategies.