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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
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Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

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Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
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Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
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Lung Capacity01:47

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Lung Fixation under Constant Pressure for Evaluation of Emphysema in Mice
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Automatic emphysema detection using weakly labeled HRCT lung images.

Isabel Pino Peña1, Veronika Cheplygina2,3, Sofia Paschaloudi4

  • 1Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.

Plos One
|October 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an automated method using multiple instance learning (MIL) classifiers to quantify emphysema in High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) scans for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The approach correlates well with pulmonary function tests, aiding emphysema assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology and Medical Imaging
  • Pulmonology
  • Machine Learning in Medicine

Background:

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) diagnosis and severity assessment often rely on imaging and pulmonary function tests (PFTs).
  • Quantifying emphysema, a key component of COPD, from High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) scans can be subjective and time-consuming.
  • Existing methods may require manual annotations, limiting scalability and introducing inter-observer variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an automated method for quantifying emphysema regions in HRCT scans of COPD patients.
  • To investigate the utility of multiple instance learning (MIL) classifiers trained with weak labels for emphysema detection.
  • To compare the performance of the automated method against manual annotations and traditional density-based approaches.

Main Methods:

  • HRCT scans from COPD patients and controls were analyzed using textural features.
  • Two MIL classifiers, miSVM and MILES, were trained using weak labels derived from PFTs (FEV1, DLCO).
  • Classifier performance was evaluated by comparing patient and emphysema classifications against radiologist annotations and a density-based method.

Main Results:

  • The miSVM classifier demonstrated superior performance in both patient and emphysema classification compared to MILES.
  • The automated method showed a stronger correlation with PFTs (FEV1, DLCO) than the density-based method and manual annotations.
  • The correlation with PFTs was only surpassed by one of the two radiologists, indicating high accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Automated emphysema quantification using MIL classifiers on HRCT scans is feasible without manual training data.
  • This approach offers improved correlation with DLCO, a measure affected by emphysema, compared to traditional methods.
  • The method has the potential to standardize emphysema assessment and reduce inter-observer variability in COPD management.