Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Numbers

In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Pyruvate Oxidation

Pyruvate Oxidation

After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

Characteristics of Practical Op Amps

Characteristics of Practical Op Amps

A difference amplifier, a crucial component in numerous electronic devices, ideally amplifies only the difference-mode signal, which is the difference between two input signals. However, in practical circuits, the output voltage depends on both the differential gain and the common-mode gain.
The ratio of differential gain to the common-mode gain is defined as the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). This ratio quantifies the ability of operational amplifiers (op-amps) to reject common-mode...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Tissue-specific tolerance mechanisms and lymph node co-drainage shape T cell immunity in the upper digestive system and pancreatic cancer progression.

Cell reports·2026

Same author

YIA26-005: Identification of FAD Biosynthesis As a Microenvironmental Synthetic Lethal Target of Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas.

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN·2026

Same author

YIA26-005: Identification of FAD Biosynthesis As a Microenvironmental Synthetic Lethal Target of Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas.

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN·2026

Same author

Catabolism of extracellular glutathione supplies cysteine to support tumours.

Nature·2026

Same author

Tissue-specific tolerance mechanisms and lymph node co-drainage converge to shape T cell immunity in the upper digestive system and regulate pancreatic cancer progression.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Tumor nutrient stress gives rise to a drug tolerant cell state in pancreatic cancer.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Update on nitrous oxide and its use in anesthesia practice.

Zdravka Zafirova¹, Colin Sheehan², Leila Hosseinian²

¹Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital System, 321 West 37 St, ap. 5A, New York, NY, 10018, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology

|October 17, 2018

Summary

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a safe and effective anesthetic and analgesic gas used in various medical settings. Its broad utility and ease of administration ensure its continued importance in clinical practice.

Keywords:

adverse effects general anesthesia labor analgesia nitrous oxide

More Related Videos

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

Published on: September 6, 2018

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Published on: February 5, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

Published on: September 6, 2018

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Published on: February 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology and Pharmacology
Neuroscience

Background:

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) has a long-standing history in medical applications as an anesthetic and analgesic.
Its mechanism involves action on multiple supraspinal and spinal targets.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the clinical utility and safety profile of nitrous oxide.
To highlight its persistent and expanding role in medical practice.

Main Methods:

Literature review of historical and current clinical applications.
Analysis of safety data and adverse effect incidence.
Evaluation of administration protocols and provider/patient factors.

Main Results:

N₂O demonstrates utility across a wide range of clinical situations.
The gas exhibits a favorable safety profile with low incidence and acuity of adverse effects.
Administration is feasible by diverse medical providers and via self-administration by patients.

Conclusions:

The safety, efficacy, and administration flexibility of nitrous oxide support its ongoing and growing use in clinical settings.
Nitrous oxide remains a valuable agent for anesthesia and analgesia.