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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

1.2K
The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

3.3K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
3.3K
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

801
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
801
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

964
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
964
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

1.4K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
1.4K
Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

6.7K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
6.7K

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Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
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Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion

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New local anesthetics.

Jarna Shah1, Effrossyni Gina Votta-Velis1, Alain Borgeat2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Services, Chicago, IL, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology
|October 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local anesthetics provide anesthesia and pain relief through various methods. This review covers their pharmacokinetics, newer agents, and future research directions for improved patient care.

Keywords:
chloroprocainehyperbaric prilocainelidocaine infusionliposomal bupivacainelocal anestheticsmepivacaine

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Local anesthetics are crucial for regional anesthesia and pain management.
  • Established agents like lidocaine and bupivacaine, alongside newer options such as mepivacaine and ropivacaine, have been used for decades.
  • Diverse administration routes include neuraxial, perineural, intravenous, infiltrative, topical, and transdermal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics.
  • To discuss newer local anesthetic agents and their clinical applications.
  • To review safety profiles and future research in local anesthetic development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of local anesthetic pharmacokinetics.
  • Analysis of clinical data for newer local anesthetics.
  • Exploration of novel formulations and administration techniques.

Main Results:

  • Local anesthetics exhibit varied pharmacokinetic profiles influencing their efficacy and duration.
  • Newer agents and formulations offer improved safety and efficacy in specific clinical scenarios.
  • Innovations in administration are expanding the utility of local anesthetics.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding local anesthetic pharmacokinetics is key to optimizing regional anesthesia and pain control.
  • Ongoing research and development promise enhanced local anesthetic therapies.
  • Clinical pearls highlight practical applications for improved patient outcomes.