Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

613
Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
613
Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

743
Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
743
Correlations02:20

Correlations

35.9K
Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
35.9K
Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

42.7K
Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
42.7K
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

2.1K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
2.1K
Correlation01:09

Correlation

15.1K
In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
15.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Efficacy and safety of ofatumumab in participants with relapsing multiple sclerosis and breakthrough disease on oral fingolimod or fumarates: results from the ARTIOS study.

Journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Summary of Research: Cognition and Employment Status of People with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Cladribine Tablets: Two-Year CLARIFY-MS Study.

Neurology and therapy·2026
Same author

Correction: Stability in Cognition and Employment in People with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Cladribine Tablets: Two‑year Phase IV CLARIFY‑MS Study.

Neurology and therapy·2026
Same author

Stability in Cognition and Employment in People with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Cladribine Tablets: Two-year Phase IV CLARIFY-MS Study.

Neurology and therapy·2026
Same author

Combined magnetic resonance imaging and serum analysis reveals distinct multiple sclerosis types.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2025
Same author

Parents' experiences of caring for a child with an eating disorder: the impact of financial challenges.

Journal of eating disorders·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
08:11

Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: November 14, 2016

11.6K

Learning ability correlates with brain atrophy and disability progression in RRMS.

Maria Pia Sormani1, Nicola De Stefano2, Gavin Giovannoni3

  • 1Biostatistics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy mariapia.sormani@unige.it.

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
|October 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Practice effects on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are linked to brain volume and disease severity. High learners showed greater benefit from fingolimod treatment, suggesting prognostic implications.

Keywords:
PASATdisability progressionfingolimodlearning effectmultiple sclerosis

More Related Videos

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze
07:07

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze

Published on: October 29, 2019

20.2K
The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
08:11

Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: November 14, 2016

11.6K
Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze
07:07

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze

Published on: October 29, 2019

20.2K
The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology

Background:

  • The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is a cognitive assessment frequently used in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trials.
  • Understanding practice effects, or improvements in test scores with repeated administration, is crucial for accurate interpretation of cognitive data in MS.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the prognostic value of short-term learning on PASAT performance in MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the prognostic significance of practice effects on the PASAT in patients with multiple sclerosis.
  • To determine if learning ability on the PASAT influences disease progression and treatment response in MS.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 1009 patients from the FREEDOMS trial (FTY720 Research Evaluating Effects of Daily Oral therapy in Multiple Sclerosis) were analyzed.
  • PASAT scores from screening (day -14) and baseline (day 0) were compared to categorize patients into high and low learners based on score change relative to their baseline quartile.
  • Multiple regression models were used to assess the impact of learning ability, baseline brain volume, and fingolimod treatment on brain volume loss and disability progression over two years.

Main Results:

  • A mean increase of 3.18 points was observed in PASAT scores from screening to baseline.
  • High learners were characterized by younger age, lower disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale), higher brain volume, and lower T2 lesion volume at baseline.
  • While learning status alone did not predict disability progression, the benefit of fingolimod on disability progression was significantly more pronounced in high learners compared to low learners (interaction p=0.05).
  • Low learners showed a trend towards higher brain volume loss at 24 months.

Conclusions:

  • Short-term practice effects on the PASAT in MS are associated with baseline brain volume, disease severity, and age, carrying meaningful prognostic implications.
  • Patients demonstrating higher learning ability on the PASAT experienced a more substantial benefit from fingolimod treatment.
  • These findings highlight the importance of considering individual learning capacity when interpreting PASAT results and evaluating treatment efficacy in multiple sclerosis.