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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

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Movement disorders in emergency settings: a prospective study.

Carlo Dallocchio1, Angela Matinella2, Carla Arbasino1

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Summary

Acute movement disorders (MD) are common in emergency rooms, often caused by drugs or functional issues. While some causes have good outcomes, functional movement disorders and structural brain lesions may have uncertain prognoses.

Keywords:
Drug-inducedEmergencyFunctionalMovement disordersNeurodegenerative

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Acute movement disorders (MD) are etiologically diverse.
  • Limited studies exist on the relative frequency and underlying causes of various MDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prospectively investigate the spectrum and outcomes of acute MD in emergency room (ER) patients.
  • To guide the management of acute MD.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study of 96 consecutive patients presenting with acute MD to ERs between 2013 and 2017.
  • Collected data on disease onset, MD type, diagnostic workup, and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Hyperkinetic MDs were most common (73.9%), with tremor, myoclonus, dystonia, and chorea as frequent symptoms.
  • Key etiological groups included drug-induced (29.2%), functional (19.8%), neurodegenerative diseases (15.6%), and structural brain damage (11.5%).
  • Outcomes were better for neurodegenerative and drug-induced MDs, while functional movement disorders (FMD) and structural brain lesions had less favorable prognoses.

Conclusions:

  • Acute MD is a significant reason for ER visits, with various treatable underlying causes.
  • Functional movement disorders and structural brain lesions are associated with a more uncertain clinical course.