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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Joints01:26

Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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Method of Joints01:30

Method of Joints

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The method of joints is a commonly used technique to analyze the forces in structural trusses. The method is based on the principle of equilibrium, which assumes that the truss members are connected by frictionless pins. The forces at each joint can be determined by considering the equilibrium of the forces acting on that joint.
Since plane truss members are in the same plane, each joint is subjected to a coplanar and concurrent force system. To apply the method of joints, the first step is to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model
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Clinical immunity in bone and joints.

Yoshiya Tanaka1

  • 1The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan. tanaka@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism
|October 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Immune system imbalances drive bone loss by affecting osteoclast and osteoblast activity. Targeting immune pathways may offer new treatments for inflammatory bone diseases like osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Keywords:
BoneImmunityJointOsteoporosisRheumatoid arthritis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • The immune system and bone metabolism are interconnected, with immune dysregulation potentially leading to bone disorders like osteoporosis.
  • Inflammatory stimuli and specific T-cell subsets (Th1, Th17, Treg) significantly influence bone turnover by modulating osteoclast and osteoblast activity.
  • Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), disrupt bone metabolism, promoting osteoclastogenesis and inhibiting osteoblastogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate relationship between immune system imbalances and bone metabolism abnormalities.
  • To investigate the mechanisms of bone and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their connection to immune system activity.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of immune-targeting agents and anti-RANKL antibodies in RA and osteoporosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on immune system regulation of bone metabolism.
  • Analysis of the roles of T-cell subsets and inflammatory cytokines in bone turnover.
  • Comparison of therapeutic outcomes for biological agents targeting TNF or IL-6 versus anti-RANKL antibodies in RA and osteoporosis.

Main Results:

  • Immune imbalances, particularly involving Th1, Th17, and Treg cells, directly impact bone turnover, contributing to osteoporosis.
  • In RA, inflammatory cytokines stimulate RANKL expression, leading to osteoclast-driven bone destruction, but treatments targeting these cytokines do not resolve osteoporosis.
  • Anti-RANKL therapy effectively treats osteoporosis and bone destruction but does not influence RA disease activity, suggesting distinct underlying mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The distinct therapeutic effects of immune-modulating drugs and anti-RANKL antibodies highlight the need to re-evaluate current understandings of bone metabolism and joint destruction in RA.
  • Further research into the shared mechanisms between immune and metabolic systems is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bone diseases.
  • Understanding these complex interactions may pave the way for more targeted and effective treatments for conditions involving both immune dysregulation and bone pathology.