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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
Published on: November 28, 2018
An unusual appearance of a large mitral valve cleft within a prolapsing segment diagnosed by three-dimensional
Geoffrey Ramsdell1, Stephen Davies2, Gorav Ailawadi2
1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Abstract:
Eighty-year-old woman presented for minimally invasive mitral valve repair for severe mitral regurgitation. Intraoperative two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2DTEE) and subsequent three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography examination showed severe mitral valve regurgitation with a bidirectional jet caused by both P2 segment prolapse and a large cleft within the P2 segment. The preoperative diagnosis of this complex pathology was challenging by 2DTEE, and a 3D examination of the mitral valve was helpful to confirm the presence of a cleft within the prolapsing segment.
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