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Related Concept Videos

Inertia Tensor01:24

Inertia Tensor

1.1K
The concept of the inertia tensor is employed to depict the mass distribution and rotational inertia of a solid or rigid object. This tensor is expressed through a three-by-three matrix. Each component within this matrix corresponds to varying moments of inertia about specific axes.
The diagonal components of the inertia tensor matrix represent the moments of inertia concerning the principal axes of the object. These primary axes are defined as the axes where the object experiences the least...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression
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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression

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Baroreflex functionality in the eye of diffusion tensor imaging.

Ching-Yi Tsai1, Yan-Yuen Poon1,2, Julie Y H Chan1

  • 1Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.

The Journal of Physiology
|October 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffusion tensor imaging reveals novel insights into baroreflex neural circuits. Functional connectivity changes in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and related nuclei impact blood pressure regulation and can be reversibly or irreversibly altered in disease states.

Keywords:
Arterial baroreflexDiffusion tensor imagingNeural circuits

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • The baroreflex is crucial for maintaining blood pressure homeostasis.
  • Understanding the neural circuitry of the baroreflex is vital for treating cardiovascular diseases.
  • Previous methods have limitations in assessing functional connectivity in real-time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate functional connectivity within baroreflex neural circuits using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
  • To identify novel aspects of baroreflex functionality and their implications in health and disease.
  • To explore the role of specific brainstem nuclei in baroreflex control.

Main Methods:

  • Application of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in mice and rats.
  • Evaluation of functional connectivity between key brainstem nuclei: nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), nucleus ambiguus (NA), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM).
  • Assessment of connectivity changes under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

Main Results:

  • Robust functional connectivity exists between NTS and NA/RVLM, crucial for cardiac vagal and sympathetic vasomotor tone.
  • Disrupted connectivity in neurogenic hypertension is reversible, but irreversible in hepatic encephalopathy.
  • Absence of NTS-CVLM connectivity suggests a need for circuit rewiring.
  • Sustained NTS-NA connectivity is vital between brain death and cardiac death.
  • Reduced NTS-RVLM/NA connectivity indicates anomalous baroreflex function in specific mouse models.
  • Disrupted NTS-NA connectivity in Flk-1 deficient mice explains hypertension from anti-VEGF therapy.

Conclusions:

  • DTI provides a powerful tool to reveal previously unknown baroreflex functionalities.
  • Alterations in functional connectivity within baroreflex circuits have significant clinical implications.
  • These findings offer new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular regulation and related disorders.