Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

45.3K
To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
45.3K
Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:10

Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

55.8K
Molecular compounds or covalent compounds result when atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Since there is no electron transfer, molecular compounds do not contain ions; instead, they consist of discrete, neutral molecules. 
55.8K
Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

33.1K
Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
33.1K
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

52.4K
Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
52.4K
Molecular Structure and Acidity02:34

Molecular Structure and Acidity

20.9K
An acid can be deprotonated to form a conjugate base or an anion. If the produced anion is more stable, then the acid is stronger. On the contrary, if the anion is unstable, then the acid is weaker. Hence, to determine the acidity of the compound, the stability of its conjugate base is studied using various factors.
The size effect explains the change in atomic size on acidity. When comparing the acids formed from elements that belong to the same column in the periodic table, their atomic sizes...
20.9K
Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms

28.7K

An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...
28.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Generating Unconventional Spin-Orbit Torques With Patterned Phase Gradients in Tungsten Thin Films.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same author

Clinicopathological abnormalities and outcome of acute <i>Babesia canis</i> infections in 23 dogs treated with imidocarb dipropionate.

Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases·2026
Same author

The Occurrence of Bacterial Infections in Equine Wounds and Abscesses in Horses from 2019 to 2023.

Veterinary sciences·2026
Same author

Quantification of total T4, T3, and reverse T3 in canine serum using UPLC-MS/MS: Analytical validation, reference intervals, and method comparison with traditional chemiluminescence immunoassays.

Domestic animal endocrinology·2026
Same author

Development of a tetracycline-inducible programmed ribosomal frameshifting platform for sensitive regulation of mammalian gene expression.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

[Retrospective evaluation of equine blood cultures sampled between 2022 and 2024].

Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere·2026
Same journal

Machine-Learning-Enabled Rapid Evolution of Photoenzymes for the Asymmetric Synthesis of gem-Difluorophosphonates.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Sequential H<sub>2</sub>S-Triggered Redox Relay Nanoprobes for Self-Sustained Chem-Illuminating Cascade Photodynamic Therapy.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Quantitative Active Hydrogen Modulation via Mastering Interfacial Water Over Single Rare Earth Atom on Copper for NO<sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup>-to-NH<sub>3</sub> Electroreduction.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Unveiling the Role of Hydroxyls on Catalyst Surface in CO<sub>2</sub> Hydrogenation Reaction.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Strain-Release Pentafluorosulfanylation of Carbonyl-Containing Disubstituted Bicyclobutanes: A Fortuitous Path to SF<sub>5</sub>-Containing Oxa[2.1.1]bicyclohexanes.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Quantum Spin-1/2 Rings Built From [2]Triangulene Molecular Units.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging
07:29

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging

Published on: December 1, 2011

42.0K

Rapid Structure Determination of Microcrystalline Molecular Compounds Using Electron Diffraction.

Tim Gruene1, Julian T C Wennmacher1, Christan Zaubitzer2

  • 1Department of Energy and Environment, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron crystallography determined molecular structures from tiny crystals, complementing X-ray methods. This technique is ideal for solving structures when crystals are too small for traditional X-ray analysis.

Keywords:
chemical crystallographyelectron crystallographymethylene blue derivativesstructure determination

More Related Videos

Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules
09:48

Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules

Published on: March 15, 2021

7.2K
Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging
07:29

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging

Published on: December 1, 2011

42.0K
Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules
09:48

Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules

Published on: March 15, 2021

7.2K
Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Over 50,000 crystal structures are published annually, predominantly via X-ray diffraction.
  • Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exist only as submicrocrystalline powders, posing a challenge for structural determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the application of electron crystallography for determining molecular structures.
  • To showcase electron crystallography as a complementary technique to X-ray crystallography, particularly for challenging samples.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a transmission electron microscope equipped with an EIGER hybrid pixel detector to create an electron diffractometer.
  • Determined molecular structures using electron diffraction on submicrometer-sized crystals.

Main Results:

  • Successfully determined the molecular structure of a methylene blue derivative at 0.9 Å resolution from a crystal smaller than 1×2 μm².
  • Determined the structure of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) directly from a pill, highlighting pharmaceutical applicability.

Conclusions:

  • Electron crystallography provides a powerful alternative and complement to X-ray crystallography.
  • This technique is the method of choice for structural elucidation when submicrometer crystal size is a limiting factor.