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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
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An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time
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Axons morphometry in the human spinal cord.

Tanguy Duval1, Ariane Saliani1, Harris Nami1

  • 1NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.

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|October 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new framework for mapping axon morphometry in the human spinal cord, revealing detailed microstructural organization and providing a valuable resource for neurodegenerative disease research.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microscopy
  • Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • Limited knowledge of axon morphometry hinders understanding of neuronal microstructure and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Technical challenges in large-scale microscopy and analysis impede detailed axon studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a framework for mapping axon morphometry in the human spinal cord.
  • To provide the first comprehensive map of axon morphometry across human spinal cord levels.
  • To create a reference template for quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection, fixation, and osmium tetroxide staining of a human spinal cord.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of 23 axial slices (C1-L5).
  • Deep learning-based automatic segmentation of axons and myelin sheaths.
  • Registration of morphometric maps to a standard spinal cord MRI template.

Main Results:

  • Segmentation of 500,000 to 1 million myelinated axons per spinal cord level.
  • Detailed axon morphometry maps revealing tract-specific disparities and high right-left symmetry.
  • Evidence for modality-based organization in the human dorsal column, similar to rats.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework enables comprehensive axon morphometry mapping.
  • The study provides a novel, publicly available axon morphometry template for the human spinal cord.
  • The methodology can be extended to other neural tissues with coherently-oriented axons.