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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Published on: August 27, 2013

Reliable Acoustic Path and Direct-Arrival Zone Spatial Gain Analysis for a Vertical Line Array.

Chunyu Qiu¹, Shuqing Ma², Yu Chen³

¹College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073; China. qiuchunyu12@nudt.edu.cn.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|October 18, 2018

Summary

This study introduces a new method to calculate the optimal array gain (OAG) for vertical arrays in correlated ocean noise, improving underwater acoustic performance. The OAG enhances array performance by maximizing signal gain (SG) and minimizing noise gain (NG).

Keywords:

correlation deep ocean direct-arrival zone multiple effect ray theory reliable acoustic path spatial gain vertical directionality vertical line array

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Analysis of Shear Flow-induced Migration of Murine Marginal Zone B Cells In Vitro

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Published on: November 26, 2018

Area of Science:

Underwater acoustics
Signal processing
Array theory

Background:

Traditional plane-wave assumptions are insufficient for correlated ambient noise in ocean acoustics.
Vertical line arrays require advanced methods to evaluate performance in complex sound fields.
Understanding signal and noise spatial characteristics is crucial for effective array deployment.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method for calculating the spatial gain of vertical line arrays under non-plane-wave conditions and correlated noise.
To introduce the optimal array gain (OAG) as a metric for evaluating array performance and guiding deployment.
To analyze the influence of sound propagation zones (DAZ, RAP) and noise characteristics on array gain.

Main Methods:

Developed an equation for optimal array gain (OAG) by subtracting noise gain (NG) from signal gain (SG).
Utilized ray theory to simulate OAG and SG based on sound propagation in the direct-arrival zone (DAZ) and reliable acoustic path (RAP).
Analyzed the relationship between correlation coefficients, multipath arrival structures, and vertical correlation for SG and NG.

Main Results:

Signal gain (SG) is consistently high in the DAZ due to minimal multipath differences.
SG in the RAP varies with range due to diverse multipath structures.
Noise gain (NG) exhibits a 'dual peak' vertical directionality pattern, influenced by bottom reflection and deep sound channels.
Optimal array gain (OAG) can exceed the ideal horizontal array gain in certain DAZ and RAP areas but is reduced by NG in others.

Conclusions:

The proposed OAG method effectively evaluates vertical array performance in correlated ocean noise.
Array performance is enhanced by maximizing SG and achieving negative NG.
The OAG method provides valuable insights for vertical array analysis and deployment in diverse deep-ocean conditions, validated by experimental data.