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The Periodic Table03:25

The Periodic Table

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As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). All of these elements are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However,...
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Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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The concept of effective value, the root mean square (RMS) value, is crucial in understanding electrical circuits and power delivery. This idea emerges from the necessity to measure the effectiveness of a voltage or current source in supplying power to a resistive load.
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Overview
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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
Periodic Table Provides Information...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Inkjet-printed Polyvinyl Alcohol Multilayers
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Kossel Effect in Periodic Multilayers.

Karine Le Guen1, Jean-Michel André1, Meiyi Wu1

  • 1Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, UMR CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement, boîte courrier 1140, 4 place JussieuF-75252 Paris cedex 05, France.

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
|October 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Kossel effect utilizes X-ray diffraction in periodic multilayers to analyze elemental depth distribution. This method offers an alternative to X-ray standing wave techniques for characterizing nanostructured materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • X-ray Optics

Background:

  • The Kossel effect involves characteristic X-ray diffraction by periodic structures.
  • Multilayers for X-ray optics are suitable periodic systems for producing the Kossel effect.
  • The Kossel effect modulates emitted X-ray intensity within a narrow angular range defined by the Bragg angle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the utility of multilayers for producing the Kossel effect.
  • To explore various excitation methods (photons, electrons, protons) and geometries for the Kossel effect.
  • To establish the Kossel effect as a viable method for depth-profiling elements in multilayered nanostructures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing multilayered structures designed for X-ray optics as periodic media.
  • Employing various incident particles (photons, electrons, protons) for excitation.
  • Analyzing experimental Kossel curves (angular intensity distributions) and comparing them with simulated data.

Main Results:

  • Multilayers effectively produce the Kossel effect, modulating X-ray intensity at the Bragg angle.
  • The Kossel effect can be excited using diverse particle beams and incident geometries.
  • Kossel curves provide information on elemental depth distribution within multilayers.

Conclusions:

  • The Kossel effect, using convenient periodic systems like multilayers, is a viable technique for elemental depth analysis.
  • It offers comparable information to X-ray standing wave induced fluorescence for nanoperiodic stack characterization.
  • Overcoming angular resolution limitations is key to widespread adoption.