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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals02:44

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

681

[Reconstructive orbital surgery].

M E H Wagner1, H Essig2, M Rücker2

  • 1Klinik für Mund‑, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Frauenklinikstr. 24, 8032, Zürich, Schweiz. maximilian.wagner@usz.ch.

HNO
|October 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Computer-assisted surgery enhances orbital reconstructions by enabling precise virtual planning and patient-specific implants. Intraoperative quality control ensures aesthetic and functional outcomes for complex orbital defects.

Keywords:
Computer-assisted surgeryIntraoperative X-raysPatient-specific implantQuality controlTitanium

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Designing CAD/CAM Surgical Guides for Maxillary Reconstruction Using an In-house Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Surgical Technology
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Achieving ideal aesthetic and functional results in complex orbital reconstructions requires precise positioning of bony structures and soft tissues.
  • Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) offers valuable support for surgeons before, during, and after orbital reconstruction procedures.
  • CAS facilitates enhanced quality control throughout the surgical process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the application of computer-assisted surgery in complex orbital reconstructions using clinical examples.
  • To demonstrate the workflow for virtual reconstruction and patient-specific implant design.
  • To highlight the role of intraoperative quality control in achieving desired surgical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Segmentation of relevant anatomical areas (bony defects, soft tissues) from 3D image series.
  • Virtual reconstruction utilizing the contralateral non-affected side as a reference.
  • Manufacturing of patient-specific models and implants, with options for intraoperative navigation and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for quality control.

Main Results:

  • The presented workflow is applicable to reconstructive surgeries for traumatic defects, congenital malformations, and neoplastic diseases.
  • Preoperative virtual visualization, patient-specific reconstruction, and intraoperative CBCT ensure the achievement of planned surgical outcomes.
  • Optimal results are attained through the synergistic interplay of hard and soft tissue reconstruction.

Conclusions:

  • Computer-assisted surgery has become an integral part of clinical practice over the past two decades.
  • Patient-specific implants combined with intraoperative quality control significantly aid in reconstructing complex orbital injuries and defects.
  • CAS enables ideal aesthetic and functional reconstructions for challenging orbital cases.