Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.5K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.5K
Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

36.9K
Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
36.9K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.6K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
3.6K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.6K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.6K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.5K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.5K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.9K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis as an autoimmune disease: A review of immunopathogenesis and therapeutic response.

Autoimmunity reviews·2026
Same author

TWEAK receptor (Fn14) exacerbates TNF-α-induced inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and influences response to anti-TNF-α therapy.

Cellular & molecular immunology·2026
Same author

Heterogeneity in the association of genetic risk for RA and resultant RA phenotypes.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)·2026
Same author

Combining Three Peripheral Blood Biomarkers to Stratify Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Risk.

Arthritis care & research·2025
Same author

Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde modified macromolecules and resulting autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis: a Systematic Literature Review.

Frontiers in immunology·2025
Same author

FATP2 at the crossroads of fatty acid transport, lipotoxicity, and complex disease.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Dietary Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Caenorhabditis elegans
09:38

Dietary Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: November 29, 2013

17.6K

Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease mammary tumor growth, multiorgan metastasis and enhance

Saraswoti Khadge1, Geoffrey M Thiele1,2,3, John Graham Sharp4

  • 1Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA.

Clinical & Experimental Metastasis
|October 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (LC-ω-3 FAs) significantly slowed breast cancer growth and reduced metastasis in mice. This suggests LC-ω-3 FAs modulate the tumor microenvironment, prolonging survival.

Keywords:
Mammary tumorMetastasisOmega-3PUFASurvival

More Related Videos

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
07:02

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2019

7.8K
Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus
08:41

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

Published on: December 5, 2016

10.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Dietary Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Caenorhabditis elegans
09:38

Dietary Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: November 29, 2013

17.6K
In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
07:02

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2019

7.8K
Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus
08:41

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

Published on: December 5, 2016

10.1K

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nutrition Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Epidemiological studies suggest a reduced breast cancer (BC) risk with high long-chain omega-3 fatty acid (LC-ω-3 FA) intake.
  • The precise roles of dietary omega-6 (ω-6) and LC-ω-3 FAs in tumor progression, metastasis, and survival remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of dietary ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids on mammary tumor growth, metastasis, and survival in a mouse model.
  • To elucidate the impact of these diets on the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Female BALB/c mice were fed either an ω-3 or an ω-6 diet for 16 weeks before orthotopic implantation of 4T1 mammary tumor cells.
  • Tumor growth, survival, organ metastasis (pulmonary, hepatic, bone, cardiac, renal, ovarian, contralateral mammary gland), and tumor microenvironment were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Mice fed the ω-3 diet exhibited delayed tumor initiation, prolonged survival, and 50% smaller tumor size compared to the ω-6 group.
  • The ω-3 diet significantly reduced pulmonary, bone, cardiac, renal, and ovarian metastases.
  • Tumors in the ω-3 group showed decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, reduced neo-vascularization, and altered immune cell infiltration (lower neutrophils/macrophages, higher T-cells).

Conclusions:

  • Dietary LC-ω-3 FAs modulate the mammary tumor microenvironment, inhibiting tumor growth and reducing metastasis to various organs.
  • This modulation leads to prolonged survival, potentially through decreased myeloid cell infiltration, increased T-cell infiltration, and enhanced IL10-associated anti-inflammatory activity.