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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters
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Low-Grade Inflammation Aggravates Rotenone Neurotoxicity and Disrupts Circadian Clock Gene Expression in Rats.

Huan Li1,2, Sheng Song3, Yuan Wang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.

Neurotoxicity Research
|October 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced chronic neuroinflammation in rats, worsening rotenone toxicity and disrupting circadian clock genes. This suggests disrupted circadian rhythms play a role in Parkinson's disease development.

Keywords:
Circadian clock gene expressionLipopolysaccharideNeurotoxicityNon-motor dysfunctionParkinson’s diseaseRotenone

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Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure can induce neuroinflammation, a key factor in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis.
  • The impact of LPS-induced neuroinflammation on rotenone (ROT) toxicity and circadian clock disruption in rats remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if LPS-induced low-grade neuroinflammation in rats exacerbates ROT neurotoxicity.
  • To determine if this neuroinflammation disrupts circadian clock gene and protein expressions.

Main Methods:

  • Male rats received LPS injections, followed by ROT administration.
  • Behavioral tests, neuroinflammation markers, dopamine neuron loss, mitochondrial complex 1 activity, and circadian clock gene/protein expressions were assessed.

Main Results:

  • LPS administration led to neuroinflammation and dopamine neuron loss in rats.
  • Combined LPS and ROT treatment resulted in more severe motor and non-motor deficits, increased neuroinflammation, and greater neuron loss compared to individual treatments.
  • Both LPS and ROT disrupted the expression of core clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Npas2), feedback genes (Per1, Per2), and target genes (Nr1d1, Dbp) at both transcript and protein levels.

Conclusions:

  • LPS-induced chronic low-grade neuroinflammation potentiates ROT neurotoxicity in rats.
  • Disruption of circadian clock gene and protein expression is a consequence of this combined insult.
  • These findings highlight a potential role for disrupted circadian rhythms in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease.