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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

340
Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
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Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

971
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

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Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
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Empagliflozin directly improves diastolic function in human heart failure.

Steffen Pabel1,2, Stefan Wagner1, Hannah Bollenberg2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.

European Journal of Heart Failure
|October 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Empagliflozin directly improves heart muscle diastolic function by reducing stiffness, independent of diabetes. This finding offers new insights into heart failure treatment and the drug

Keywords:
ContractilityDiastolic dysfunctionEmpagliflozinHeart failure

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Empagliflozin, an antidiabetic drug, unexpectedly reduced heart failure (HF) hospitalizations and mortality.
  • The mechanisms behind empagliflozin's cardiovascular benefits remain unclear.
  • This study investigates direct myocardial effects of empagliflozin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if empagliflozin has direct pleiotropic effects on the myocardium.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying empagliflozin's potential benefits in heart failure.

Main Methods:

  • Contractility experiments on isolated human and murine ventricular trabeculae.
  • Assessment of calcium handling in human HF cardiomyocytes.
  • Analysis of myocardial fibers from patients and rats with diastolic HF (HFpEF).
  • Echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function in HFpEF rats after empagliflozin administration.

Main Results:

  • Empagliflozin significantly reduced diastolic tension in human HF trabeculae.
  • Effects on diastolic function were observed in both diabetic and non-diabetic murine myocardium.
  • Empagliflozin improved diastolic function by reducing myofilament passive stiffness via enhanced phosphorylation.
  • In HFpEF rats, empagliflozin improved diastolic function without affecting systolic contractility.

Conclusions:

  • Empagliflozin exerts direct pleiotropic effects on the myocardium, improving diastolic stiffness and function.
  • These beneficial effects are independent of diabetic conditions.
  • The findings provide a rationale for new translational studies and contribute to understanding empagliflozin's role in HF management.