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Related Concept Videos

Phylogeny01:23

Phylogeny

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Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom.
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Comparative Excretory Systems02:24

Comparative Excretory Systems

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Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing
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Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

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Tracing Antibody Repertoire Evolution by Systems Phylogeny.

Alexander Dimitri Yermanos1,2, Andreas Kevin Dounas3, Tanja Stadler1

  • 1Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics methods allow studying multiple antibody lineages simultaneously. This systems phylogeny approach reveals pathogen-driven antibody repertoire evolution, overcoming limitations of older methods.

Keywords:
B cell evolutionIg-Seqantibody lineagephylogeneticssystems immunology

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Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

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T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Traditional antibody evolution studies focus on single B cell lineages or bulk responses, missing clonal diversity.
  • Single B cell studies ignore the broader humoral immune response.
  • Bulk functional studies lack resolution for analyzing diverse co-existing clonal lineages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize progress in systems phylogeny of antibody responses.
  • To highlight advancements in understanding pathogen-driven antibody repertoire evolution.
  • To provide an overview of historical developments, current tools, and future directions.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies.
  • Bioinformatics analysis of antibody repertoires.
  • Phylogenetic methods applied to immune system data.

Main Results:

  • HTS and bioinformatics enable examination of multiple co-evolving antibody monoclonal lineages within a single repertoire.
  • Numerous methods and tools have been developed to study antibody repertoire evolution.
  • Pathogen presence is a key driver of global antibody repertoire evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Systems phylogeny offers a powerful approach to study antibody evolution at a high resolution.
  • This field integrates immunology, sequencing, and bioinformatics for comprehensive analysis.
  • Future directions promise deeper insights into adaptive immunity and antibody responses.