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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Profiling of Pre-micro RNAs and microRNAs using Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR Arrays
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Target RNAs Strike Back on MicroRNAs.

Federico Fuchs Wightman1,2, Luciana E Giono1,2, Juan Pablo Fededa3

  • 1Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Frontiers in Genetics
|October 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Target RNA-Directed MicroRNA Degradation (TDMD) offers a new way microRNAs (miRNAs) are cleared from cells. This pathway involves target RNAs triggering specific miRNA degradation, adding a new layer to miRNA regulation.

Keywords:
ArgonauteTDMDdegradationexoribonucleasemicroRNAtailing and trimmingterminal nucleotidyl transferaseuridylation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression, typically silencing genes post-transcriptionally.
  • Aberrant miRNA expression is linked to various diseases.
  • Mechanisms for miRNA clearance from cells remain an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging pathway of Target RNA-Directed MicroRNA Degradation (TDMD).
  • To discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying TDMD.
  • To explore the role of TDMD in regulating miRNA expression and its implications in biological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on miRNA degradation pathways.
  • Analysis of studies identifying and characterizing TDMD.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of TDMD mechanisms, including tailing and trimming.

Main Results:

  • Target RNA binding with extensive complementarity can trigger miRNA degradation.
  • TDMD involves 3'-end tailing with A/U nucleotides and subsequent trimming.
  • This pathway leads to highly specific loss of individual miRNAs, distinct from canonical degradation.

Conclusions:

  • TDMD represents a novel regulatory mechanism for controlling miRNA levels.
  • This pathway provides a means for rapid and specific miRNA turnover.
  • Understanding TDMD is crucial for comprehending miRNA biology and its role in health and disease.